Gender Socialization Of Children Gendered Toys, Media,...

Abstract Gender role expectations are inescapable in our society as we naturally tend to sort humans into categories, the easiest one being gender. Upon first meeting a person, most people automatically classify the other’s gender. With this classification come the inevitable gender role expectations. Even for those who consciously try their hardest not to cloud their perceptions of others based on â€Å"traditional† gender role expectations, it is almost impossible not to subconsciously succumb to these expectations that are ingrained in our minds virtually since the day we are born. These expectations often influence how one interacts with another. This is especially important when taking into consideration the effects that gender socialization of children through gendered toys, media, and parental affects child development. Introduction Once a child is born, he or she learns to view the world based on the behaviors of others. The child’s primary caregivers, usually the parents, and others present in the child’s environment, such as siblings, peers, teachers, and even the media, contribute to the development of the child’s perception of himself, those around him, and society overall. This concept is called socialization. â€Å"The way we are, behave and think is the final product of socialization† and it is through socialization that we â€Å"learn what is appropriate and improper for both genders† (Crespi, 2004). This concept of gender socialization leads to the inescapableShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Being Taught to Young Children: A Psychological Approach2251 Words   |  10 PagesGender is socio-psychological characterizing of being male or female. Gender identity is the sense of being identified as one of these genders, and it is usually established before three years of age. Gender role describes the expectations of the society as how a male or female should behave according to their sex. Biology is the natural factor for differential gender development, and biologically a person with 46 XY chromosomes in their cells and gonads of testes would be a male, and a person

What Was the U.S. Second Party System

The Second Party System is the term used by historians and political scientists to refer to the framework that dominated politics in the United States from about 1837 to 1852. Spurred by the presidential election of 1828, the Second Party System represented a shift toward greater public interest in politics. More people voted on Election Day, political rallies became common, newspapers supported different candidates, and Americans became loyal to any of a growing number of political parties. Key Takeaways: The Second Party System The Second Party System is a term used by historians and political scientists to refer to the political framework existing in the United States from about 1828 to 1854.Following the 1828 presidential election, the Second Party System spurred increasing levels of voter interest and participation in the political process.The Second Party System is the first and only party system in which the two major parties competed on relatively equal footing in every region of the nation.The Second Party System reflected and shaped the American peoples’ political, social, economic, and cultural concerns until it was replaced by the Third Party System in the mid-1850s. Not only did it help increase the American peoples’ interest and participation in shaping their own government as intended by the Founders, the rise of the Second Party System also helped ease the sectional tensions that had led to the Civil War.   Supporters of the system’s two dominant parties—the Democrats and the Whigs—were divided along philosophical and socio-economic lines. While the Democratic Party was the party of the people, the Whig Party generally represented business and industrial interests. As a result, both parties shared the support of people in both the North and the South. History of the Second Party System The Second Party System replaced the First Party System, which existed from roughly 1792 to 1824. The First Party System featured only two national parties: the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, and Democratic-Republican Party founded by Anti-Federalist leaders Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The First Party System largely collapsed during the nation’s so-called â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† a period immediately after the War of 1812 during which a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity left most Americans disinterested in the partisan differences between multiple political parties. Basically, Americans simply assumed that their elected leaders would govern them well and wisely, no matter which political party they belonged to. During his term in office from 1817 to 1825, President James Monroe epitomized the spirit of the Era of Good Feelings by trying to completely eliminate partisan parties from national politics. The dissolution of the Federalist Party during the era left the Democratic-Republican Party the â€Å"only party standing† as the First Party System ended with the tumultuous 1824 presidential election. The Rebirth of Multi-Party Politics In the 1824 election, there were  four main candidates:  Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford. All competed as Democratic-Republicans. When none of the candidates won the majority of Electoral College votes required to be elected president, the task of choosing the winner was left to the House of Representatives, where things really got complicated. Based on the Electoral College vote, Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were the final three candidates to be considered by the House. While Henry Clay was not one of the finalists, he was the current Speaker of the House, making it his job to negotiate which one of his three recent rivals would be elected president.  Andrew Jackson had won both the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but the House elected John Quincy Adams president instead. So grateful was Adams for the victory that he chose Clay to be his Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson vocally declared the election a â€Å"corrupt bargain.† As a hero of both the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812, Jackson was one of the nation’s most popular politicians. With the support of the public and local militia leaders, he created the Democratic Party. Then, with the help of his most influential supporter, Martin Van Buren, Jackson and his new Democratic Party ousted incumbent president Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams in the presidential election of 1828. As president, Jackson named Van Buren his Secretary of State, and later as his Vice President. Sensing the growing trend of Americans to align with easily identifiable political parties, the Democratic-Republican Party, along with its leaders, John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, recreated itself as the National Republican Party. Jackson’s War on Banks Solidifies the Second Party System If the 1828 election had not been enough to solidify the peoples’ interest in the spirit of the Second Party System, President Jackson’s war on banks did. Jackson, who had always hated banks, condemned paper money and argued that only gold and silver should circulate. Jackson’s first target, the federally-chartered Second Bank of the United States, operated much like a central bank similar to today’s Federal Reserve System banks. After his banking policies forced the closure of the Second Bank of the United States, Jackson turned against all federally-sanctioned banks. During Jackson’s first term, the Nullification Crisis of 1832 controversially weakened the powers of the states by upholding costly federal tariffs—taxes—imposed on crops and grown in the Southern States. Anger over Jackson’s policies gave rise to the Whig Party. The Whigs were made up mainly of bankers, economic modernizers, businessmen, commercial farmers, and Southern plantation owners, angered at Jackson’s war on banking and his role in the Nullification Crisis. Along with the Democratic and Whig parties, several minor political parties evolved during the Second Party era. These included the innovative Anti-Masonic Party, the abolitionist Liberty Party, and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party. By the mid-1850s the Second Party System would be supplanted by what historians consider the Third Party System, which lasted until about 1900. Dominated by the new Republican Party, the era featured heated debates on issues such as American nationalism, industrial modernization, workers’ rights, and racial equality. The Legacyof the Second Party System The Second Party System aroused a new and healthy interest in government and politics among the American people. As the nation underwent democratization, participation in the political process played a central role in Americans’ lives for the first time since the Revolutionary War.   Prior to the Second Party System, most voters were content to defer to the assumed wisdom of upper-class elite, allowing them to choose their leaders for them. People rarely voted or became engaged because politics seemed unimportant to them. However, the public’s indifference ended  following the 1828 presidential election and the controversies that arose during the Andrew Jackson administration. By 1840, elections at all levels of American government featured appeals to the â€Å"common man,† massive rallies, parades, celebrations, intense enthusiasm, and most importantly, high voter turnout. Today, the legacy of the Second Party System and its reawakening  of public interest in political participation can be seen in the enactment of sweeping social policy such as women’s suffrage, voting rights laws, and civil rights legislation. Sources Blau, Joseph L. ed. Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850 (1947).Ashworth, John. Agrarians aristocrats: Party political ideology in the United States, 1837-1846 (1983)Hammond, J. D., History of Political Parties in the State of New York (2 vols., Albany, 1842).Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). The American Whigs: An Anthology. Online edition

The Use of Nonfinancial Measures to Assess the Likelihood...

Abstract For auditors, failing to detect fraud at their clients is usually accompanied by substantial monetary penalties and/or negative publicity. Thus, the profession has re-evaluated its fraud assessment processes and has attempted to find new ways in which material misstatements due to fraud can be identified. The purpose of this study is to determine whether auditors can effectively use nonfinancial measures (NFMs) in their analyses of fraud. Given that auditors can identify NFMs (e.g., facilities growth) that should coincide with financial measures (e.g., revenue growth), inconsistencies between these two variables may be indicative of higher fraud risk. The results show that all of the respondents believed that financial measures†¦show more content†¦To put it succinctly, if auditors take at face value everything they see or hear, they are not doing their jobs. A final reason auditors don’t uncover fraud is because they frequently don’t use the analytical tools t hat are available to them. 2 In times past, when analysis was difficult and time-consuming, perhaps auditors could not justify the additional effort (Joseph T. Wells, copyright 2003). The use of NFMs in the evaluation of firm performance has garnered much attention since Kaplan and Norton (1996) published the â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard.† For firms that fraudulently misstate their financial statements, it is unlikely that they will (or have the ability to) concurrently misstate NFMs that are indicative of their true financial condition. In another study conducted by Brazel, Jones and Zimbelman in 2005, they concluded that NFMs can convey new information not previously contained in financial statement variables that have been found to be correlated with fraud. In addition, their study showed that NFMs can be used as benchmark against which the auditors can compare actual revenue to enhance the effectiveness of their analytical procedures during fraud risk assessment. Oftentimes, auditors look at the financial measures as the basis in detecting the likelihood of fraud in the firms being audited. This strategy has been proven to be effective most of the time. Financial measures primarily are the core features that firms and outside parties (e.g.,Show MoreRelatedAudit Exam9528 Words   |  39 Pagesonly one specific objective for each relevant general objective. C) There will be many specific objectives developed for each relevant general objective. D) There must be one specific objective for each general objective. 4. A An auditor uses monetary unit sampling with a sampling interval of $20,000 and detects an item with a recorded amount of $10,000 with an audited value of $4,000. The projected misstatement of the sample is: A) $12,000. B) $6,000. C) $10,000. D) $3,000. 5. Read MoreCase 3.3 United Way of America Essay1958 Words   |  8 Pagesfundamental and cost-effective internal controls that charitable organizations could implement to reduce their exposure to theft losses. Fraud has been on the rise over the past decades, and America’s charitable communities have not been immune to these acts. With the tremendous expanding, charity organizations have controlled a lot of financial and nonfinancial resources. While it is common that many small and medium-size volunteer organizations have lack of continuity of volunteers, short of supervisionRead MoreFinancial Statements Fraud56771 Words   |  228 PagesSchool 6-1-2008 Detecting financial statement fraud: Three essays on fraud predictors, multi-classifier combination and fraud detection using data mining Johan L. Perols University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Perols, Johan L., Detecting financial statement fraud: Three essays on fraud predictors, multi-classifier combination and fraud detection using data mining (2008). GraduateRead MoreEssay about Chapter One5469 Words   |  22 Pagesthe number of companies that restated their previously issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In addition, the criminalRead MoreComprehensive Review in Accounting19880 Words   |  80 Pagesrequire an auditor to: a. Perform procedures that are designed to detect all instances of fraud. b. Provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are not materially misstated. c. Issue an unqualified opinion only when the auditor is satisfied that no instances of fraud have occurred. d. Design the audit program to meet financial statement users expectations concerning fraud. 9. Generally, the decision to notify parties outside the client s organization regardingRead MoreAuditing Hw Solutions9853 Words   |  40 PagesType of Auditor Governmental (GAO) auditors Independent CPAs Governmental (GAO) auditors Internal auditors IRS auditors Internal auditors Bank examiners 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Materials inspection by manufacturer States’ reporting chemical use data Sports complex forecast Compliance or Economy and Efficiency Program goal Internal auditors 9. Governmental (GAO) auditors Independent CPAs 10. Financial statement 1.53 Financial Assertions and Audit Objectives The objectivesRead MoreSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 Pagesoutsider will likely seek his independent opinion. 1.7 CPAs serve as independent intermediaries who lend credibility to information. Hence, assurance services are natural extensions of the well-regarded audit and attest services. CPAs can use their expertise in internal control and measurement methods. Assurance services are natural extensions of attestation services, which earlier evolved from financial statement audit services. Attestation and audit services are highlyRead MoreERM Study Notes Essay8310 Words   |  34 PagesAthletics b. Research 5. What type of framework has Duke used to organize its risk oversight processes? COSO ERM Framework Strategic Operations Reporting Compliance 6. What is a heat map? Heat map summarize and ranks risk. It measures the likelihood and impact of the events that have the most risk to an organization. 7. What committee of the board is responsible for reviewing the risk management process? Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing the risk management process Read MoreCPA Exam Test with Answers26097 Words   |  105 Pagesto address those risks; that knowledge might include understanding of how management identifies risks, estimates their significance, and assesses the likelihood of their occurrence, and relates them to financial reporting.   B.  Eliminates significant risks. This answer is incorrect. Refer to the correct answer explanation.   C.  Assesses the likelihood of occurrence of subsequent events. This answer is incorrect. Refer to the correct answer explanation.   D.  Relates risk assessment to compliance withRead MoreHealth Care Management13705 Words   |  55 PagesATHE Level 7 QCF Qualifications in Healthcare Management Credit values and rules of combination The QCF is a framework which awards credit for qualifications and units and aims to present qualifications in a way that is easy to understand and measure. There are three sizes of qualification in the QCF: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Award, between 1 and 12 credits Certificate, between 13 and 36 credits Diploma, 37 credits and above. Each unit within a qualification has a credit value and a level. The credit value specifies

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Clock Shadows And Dark...

Aristotelian mimesis dictates that the â€Å"art† produced by our culture and society is an imitation of our reality. If so, then our contemporary entertainment era overstocked in brooding, morally ambiguous anti-heroes bearing five o’clock shadows and â€Å"dark and gritty† narratives are a reflection of the flawed and unrelenting modern-day reality that we inhabit. This age of morally gray storytelling is a stark contrast to the idealistic depictions of American society and â€Å"traditional family values† found throughout various 1950s television (Museum of Broadcast Communications). The force behind this shift from a rather jubilant, dreamlike state of Cold War era media, to the grim and cynical state of present-day film, television, and music can thus be interpreted by some romanticists with a longing for the â€Å"good ol’ days† as a decline of virtues and goodness in American society. However, the â€Å"goodness† of America foun d in 1950s media was hardly a true reflection of reality. Through the further development of mass media and communications in the following decades, however, American audiences were then able to see passed the â€Å"goodness† from the shelter of their own homes (Murray). The realities that went into the lenses of news cameras, and out the screens of black and white television tubes exposed the horrors of war in Vietnam and the injustice towards nonviolent Black protestors to the archetypical nuclear families of America, distorting their idealized perceptions of AmericanShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesway to ensure that strategy is controlled in one mind is to keep the process simple (182). However, this point, together with the first, forced Andrews to tread a fine line throughout his text between nonconscious intuition on one side and formal analysis on the other, a position he characterized as an act of judgment (108). This distingu ishes the design school from the entrepreneurial school on one side and the planning and especially positioning schools on the other. 4. Strategies should be oneRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

NEBOSH practical FAQ free essay sample

Practical FAQ’s 1. When is the practical undertaken? The practical is undertaken on a day you select during the set practical period – this runs 2 weeks before your written exam date. 2. Where is the practical undertaken? The practical is undertaken in your own work place or a workplace of your finding such as a family or friends’ workplace. 3. When will I receive my practical documents? The practical documents will be emailed to you by your designated practical marker 3 weeks before the written exam date. 4. Do I require someone to supervise me for the practical? No, this is done solely on your own without the requirement for supervision. 5. When is the practical submitted? The practical will have a deadline date which will be no later than the Friday of exam week. 6. How do I submit my practical? The email from the practical marker will tell you how you need to submit as this will depend on where you are sitting your exams. 7. What documents will I receive? You will receive the following documents: Guidance document including marking scheme Report template in both PDF and Word format. 8. Does the practical have to be hand written? No, the practical can be typed or hand written. Typed is usually easier for the markers to read and mark. 9. What does the practical consist of? The practical consists of an inspection and a report writing section. For the inspection, you take the observation sheets from the guidance document and print around 8/9 and complete these whilst undertaking your inspection. You are highlighting the hazards you find with the consequences and then suggesting control measures (both long and short term) and timeframes. The report is completed either on the template forms provided or by following the same format and headers. DS TS20 June 2013 It will consist of: Introduction Executive summary Main findings Conclusions. Recommendations. 10. How long does the practical take? The practical takes no longer than 2 hours. It is usually 60 minutes for the inspection and 60 minutes for the report writing. However, if you wish to type up your observation sheets, this time will need to come out of your practical time – it is not additional. You could have 45 minutes for your inspection and then a 15 minute type-up. 11. Can I send a draft of my practical in for feedback? Unfortunately NEBOSH do not permit drafts to be submitted to tutors for feedback. We can offer general guidance if there is a part you are having issues understanding from the guidance documents. 12. When can we have the marks for the practical as SHEilds mark them in house? The marks for your practical will be informed to you by NEBOSH on the official results release date (as stated on your exam entry confirmation) and cannot be informed to you any earlier. 13. What if my company is concerned about confidentiality? If your company is concerned with you doing the practical at their premises then they can be informed that SHEilds and NEBOSH operate under a confidentiality agreement and the practical is purely for educational purposes and does not go any further than SHEilds for marking and to NEBOSH, should the practical be called in for external verification on our marking. The company does not need to be noted in the report – it can simply be referred to as company XYZ if required. 14. Does anyone at my site need to sign anything for my practical? No one at your chosen site needs to do anything regarding your practical except grant permission. We do not require them to accompany you (unless it is their pre-requisite) nor do they need to sign off anything. 15. What is the declaration? The declaration is found in your guidance document and you sign this to confirm that everything is your own work. It must be submitted with your practical as its absence can result in your practical being voided. You sign the first part and submit this with your practical. SHEilds then signs the second section once your practical is received and then DS TS20 June 2013 again once it is marked. We will check all submitted practicals for signed declarations and contact any student who has not submitted one. We will use the email address on their profile but if the declaration is not emailed across to us by the deadline we state in the email, then your practical will be voided. 16. What is the pass mark for the practical? Students require a minimum pass mark of 60 marks. 17. What happens if I am unable to submit by the deadline stated for submission? If you are unable to meet the required deadline then you will be marked as absent on your results list as late entries will not be accepted. You will then need to re-register for your practical at the next available exam period and will need to pay the practical exam fee again. 18. Are late entries accepted? No, if you cannot meet the stated deadline, you will be marked as absent. 19. Are there any samples of the practical that I can see before I submit? There are no samples available. NEBOSH no longer produce them due to plagiarism cases. However the documents that you are emailed contain all the information that you need in order to undertake your practical. 20. Who should I contact if I have questions on my practical? If you have any questions on your practical please contact your designated practical marker (this is the person who sent you your practical documents). 21. What happens if I have been unsuccessful in my practical? If you have been unsuccessful in your practical then you can contact your designated practical marker and they can provide you with their feedback on your practical so you can see where you went wrong. We would require your full name, where you sat your exams and your student number to undertake this. Please note that practical’s are kept for 12 weeks before they are destroyed as confidential waste so we are only able to provide feedback on practical’s from the last set of exams. 22. What if I disagree with the mark awarded? If you disagree with your practical mark you can contact your designated practical marker for feedback on why you were unsuccessful. If after receiving this you still disagree then you can apply for an EAR (Enquiry About Results) with NEBOSH where the practical will be called in and remarked by NEBOSH. This can be undertaken by contacting the exams department using the exams email address from your course contact lists online. They will be able to send you the forms required which you can complete and send to NEBOSH along with payment for the process which is currently ? 50. 00. NEBOSH will then remark your practical and within 40 working days, you will have a feedback form sent to you for future reference. The EAR must be requested and all forms sent to NEBOSH within a month of the official DS TS20 June 2013 results release date. After this month period has passed, you will be unable to submit an EAR. 23. I cannot locate the practical forms on my online course? The forms are not online, they are only sent out to registered exam students 3 weeks before their exam date to ensure only those registered can submit and to ensure everyone is sent the newest versions of all forms. 24. I received my results slip and it shows absent for the practical – what does this mean? This means a practical for you was not submitted or was submitted after the deadline and voided or the practical did not include the signed declaration and after contact is was not submitted so your practical was voided. 25. I received my results slip and it states referred, what does this mean? Referred means that you did not gain enough marks to pass this exam but can re-sit at the next available examination period. 26. I received my results slip but there is no grade or information about my practical, what does this mean? This could mean that upon marking your practical, the marker noted similarities with another student’s so your practical has gone to NEBOSH to be looked into for malpractice. NOTE: Any students found plagiarising other people’s work will have their practicals sent to NEBOSH as part of malpractice investigation. NEBOSH will review the practical and if malpractice is confirmed, the marks will be voided. The student will then be unable to sit this examination again for 6 months to deter such practices. If the 6 month restriction surpasses your enrolment period then you will be required to pay an extension fee for the course as well as exam fees before you will be able to sit.

Design Process free essay sample

When would you be likely to use a descriptive model of the design process? When would you use a prescriptive model? Descriptive model of the design process is a linear model, feedback sin t discussed and it is more simple than the model known as prescriptive which is an extended model in comparison with the descriptive one. In descriptive model, according to client s objectives, alternative concepts are introduced through different concept schemes, without a problem definition and the process improves, depending on feasibility of the design. In this situation, final design of descriptive model reflects the designer s observation and experience. No feedback is discussed. So this model can be thought of as a pre- design process (although the final design include all information about manufacturing) when a new product will be introduced. However in prescriptive one which is extended, the problem is identified according to clients statement. In the stage of problem definition; objections, requirements, constraints and functions are defined by taking codes, regulations and experts opinions into consideration. We will write a custom essay sample on Design Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So the process improves. Meanwhile, conceptual designs can be regenerated or problem can be redefined with testing and evaluating the existed preliminary design, through internal feedback. On the other hand, problem can be redefined by user s statements or questionnaires and the design process can be reestablished after the product has been Introduced commercially, through external feedback. Prescriptive model can be used as a realistic and applicable process compared to descriptive one when a new product is Introduced or when a commercial product Is wanted to be improved continuously. ) Explain the difference between tasks, methods and means. Tasks are the Jobs which should be done for getting the outputs In each stage of design process. Methods are the procedures or systematic ways which should be applied for performing the tasks In each stage of design process. Means are the Instruments or techniques which should be used for carrying on methods or procedures In each stage of design process. So means are the ways to apply methods which are the ways to perform the tasks.